LEWIS, J.

This case is before the Court on appeal from Williams v. American Optical Corporation, 985 So.2d 23 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008), in which the Fourth District Court of Appeal held that the Asbestos and Silica Compensation Fairness Act (the Act) is unconstitutional as applied to the Appellees. In its decision, the Fourth District also certified conflict with the decision of the Third District Court of Appeal in DaimlerChrysler Corporation v. Hurst, 949 So.2d 279 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007). See Williams, 985 So.2d at 32. This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to article V, sections 3(b)(1) and 3(b)(4) of the Florida Constitution.

BACKGROUND

Procedural History

In the decision below, the Fourth District Court of Appeal "cobbled" together multiple asbestosis-litigation cases and summarized the relevant facts as follows:

Williams, 985 So.2d at 25-26 (footnote omitted). The Fourth District framed the dispositive issue presented as: "Can [the Act] be retroactively applied to prejudice or defeat causes of action already accrued and in litigation?" Id. at 25.

The Fourth District properly noted that citizens have personal rights under the Florida Constitution to acquire, defend, and keep property free from the claims of government and to vindicate those rights in courts of law. See id. at 26. The district court explained that a cause of action constitutes an intangible property right that is grounded in tort. See id. Retroactive legislation that impacts property rights is constitutionally invalid where "vested rights are adversely affected or destroyed or when a new obligation or duty is created or imposed, or an additional disability is established, in connection with transactions or considerations previously had or expiated." Id. at 27 (quoting McCord v. Smith, 43 So.2d 704, 709 (Fla. 1949)).

The district court stated that when a cause of action accrues, it becomes a substantive vested right. See id. at 27. However, whether legislation may affect a vested right to a particular cause of action is dependent on "the stage the right has attained when the legislation is enacted." Id. The Fourth District concluded that where a right of action has already accrued, new legislation enacted after that accrual which substantively affects the cause of action may not be retroactively applied to that cause of action. See id. at 28.

Based upon this conclusion, the Fourth District next considered whether prior to the Act, Florida law recognized a cause of action for damages arising from asbestosis without any physical impairment or the presence of cancer. See id. at 28. The Fourth District concluded that case law from this Court and the Third District Court of Appeal clearly established that prior to the Act, emotional effects from contracting asbestosis were actionable under Florida law even though no physical impairment or cancer had resulted. See id. The district court recognized this Court's prior precedent that in cases where an alleged injury is a "creeping-disease," such as asbestosis, the action accrues when the accumulated effects of the substance manifest themselves in a way which supplies some evidence of a causal relationship to the product. See id. at 29 (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Copeland, 471 So.2d 533, 539 (Fla.1985)). The district court rejected the asbestos industry's contention that the causes of action of those manifesting injury were a mere expectancy and not a vested cause of action. See id. at 30. Instead, the Fourth District explained that the Appellees had alleged a previous exposure to asbestos which resulted in the disease of asbestosis, and that the disease had manifested itself in some way. See id. at 30-31. As a result, the Fourth District concluded that for each of the Appellees, the cause of action had "passed from an expectation to the accrual of the right to sue for damages." Id. at 31.

The Fourth District held that the Act could not be constitutionally applied to eliminate any existing vested property rights in the asbestos-related actions that were pending when the Act became effective. See id. at 32. The district court certified conflict with the decision of the Third District Court of Appeal in Daimler-Chrysler Corporation v. Hurst, 949 So.2d 279 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007), "to the extent that it ... stand[s] for a holding that the Act may be validly applied to asbestosis claimants with accrued causes of action for damages but without permanent impairments or malignancy." Williams, 985 So.2d at 32.

The decision of the Fourth District is now before this Court for review.

The Asbestos and Silica Compensation Fairness Act

The Act was created by chapter 2005-274, Laws of Florida. The preamble to the legislation provides multiple statements with regard to asbestos litigation, and section 774.202, Florida Statutes (2010), provides that the Act serves four purposes: (1) to give priority to "true" victims of asbestos (i.e., those claimants who can demonstrate "actual physical impairment" caused by asbestos exposure); (2) to preserve the rights of any individuals who have been exposed to asbestos to pursue compensation should they become "impaired" in the future; (3) to enhance the ability of the judicial system to supervise and control asbestos litigation; and (4) to conserve the resources of defendants to permit compensation to cancer victims and individuals who are currently "physically impaired," while securing the right to similar compensation to individuals who may suffer "physical impairment" in the future. See § 774.202, Fla. Stat. (2010).

Section 774.204(1), Florida Statutes (2010), provides that "[p]hysical impairment of the exposed person, to which asbestos... exposure was a substantial contributing factor" is an essential element of an asbestos claim. Subsection (2) provides that "[a] person may not file or maintain a civil action alleging a nonmalignant asbestos claim in the absence of a prima facie showing of physical impairment as a result of a medical condition to which exposure to asbestos was a substantial contributing factor." The subsection details the highly technical elements of a prima facie claim for impairment. For example, one element is:

§ 774.204(2)(f), Fla. Stat. (2010).

Section 774.205(2), Florida Statutes (2010), provides that a plaintiff in a civil action alleging an asbestos claim must "include with the complaint or other initial pleading a written report and supporting test results constituting prima facie evidence of the exposed person's asbestos-related... physical impairment." The Act states that "[a] diagnosis that states that the medical findings and impairment are `consistent with' or `compatible with' exposure to asbestos does not meet the requirements of this subsection." § 774.204(2)(h), Fla. Stat. (2010). Section 774.205(2) also provides that for any plaintiff who had a claim pending on the effective date of the Act (which includes all of the Appellees), the report and test results must be filed at least thirty days before a trial date may be set.

Section 774.206(1), Florida Statutes (2010), provides that the statute of limitations does not begin to run on an asbestos claim arising out of a nonmalignant condition "until the exposed person discovers, or through the exercise of reasonable diligence should have discovered, that he or she is physically impaired by an asbestos-related... condition."

Finally, the portion of the session law that provides the effective date of the Act states:

Ch.2005-274, § 10, at 2579, Laws of Fla. As previously noted, "[b]efore the Act was adopted, all of the plaintiffs in these cases had filed actions for damages based on various degrees of asbestosis...." Williams, 985 So.2d at 26. The parties do not dispute that, as of the effective date of the Act, trial had not commenced in any of the Appellees' cases.

ANALYSIS

A district court decision declaring a statute unconstitutional is subject to de novo review by this Court. See Fla. Dep't of Children & Families v. F.L., 880 So.2d 602, 607 (Fla.2004). Article I, section 2 of the Florida Constitution guarantees to all persons the right to acquire, possess, and protect property. Section 9 of the same article provides that "[n]o person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law." Art. I, § 9, Fla. Const. The United States Supreme Court has clearly held that a cause of action is "a species of property protected by the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause." Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422, 428, 102 S.Ct. 1148, 71 L.Ed.2d 265 (1982). Similarly, this Court has explained that "[o]nce the defense of the statute of limitations has accrued, it is protected as a property interest just as the plaintiff's right to commence an action is a valid and protected property interest." Wiley v. Roof, 641 So.2d 66, 68 (Fla.1994) (emphasis supplied) (citing Starnes v. Cayouette, 244 Va. 202, 419 S.E.2d 669 (1992)); see also R.A.M. of South Fla., Inc. v. WCI Communities, Inc., 869 So.2d 1210, 1220 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) ("[O]nce a cause of action has accrued, the right to pursue that cause of action is generally considered a vested right."), review denied, 895 So.2d 406 (Fla. 2005).

Vested Rights

The parties strenuously debate whether the Appellees have a vested property interest in their right to pursue an action based on asbestos-related injuries. Having reviewed the parties' arguments and Florida common law, we conclude that the Appellees do indeed possess such a vested right. According to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida:

Wildenberg v. Eagle-Picher Industries, 645 F.Supp. 29, 30 (S.D.Fla.1986); see also F.D.I.C. v. Stahl, 89 F.3d 1510, 1522 (11th Cir.1996) ("Florida courts have found that the limitations period does not begin to run until a plaintiff knew or should have known of the injury.").

Prior to the Act, claimants with an asbestos-related disease unquestionably had a right under the common law to seek redress against the persons or entities that allegedly caused injury to them. See, e.g., Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp. v. Corcoran, 679 So.2d 291, 291-92 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996) (affirming judgment in favor of plaintiff for "injury because of his exposure to asbestos"); W.R. Grace & Company-Conn. v. Pyke, 661 So.2d 1301, 1304 (Fla. 3d DCA 1995) (affirming judgment in favor of plaintiff in asbestos personal injury action, but reversing award for loss of future earning capacity); Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. v. Cox, 481 So.2d 517, 519, 530 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985) (affirming "substantial" money judgment against manufacturer of asbestos products); Brown v. Armstrong World Industries, Inc., 441 So.2d 1098, 1099 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983) (reversing summary judgment because whether plaintiff should have known that he had a cause of action against manufacturer for asbestos-related injuries was a genuine issue of material fact).

With regard to asbestos-related diseases, we have held that an action accrues when the accumulated effects of the substance manifest in a way which supplies some evidence of the causal relationship to the manufactured product. See Celotex Corp. v. Copeland, 471 So.2d 533, 539 (Fla. 1985). The parties diverge in their interpretation as to what constitutes a "manifestation" of the disease. The Appellants contend that ultimate physical impairment symptoms as set forth in the statutory restrictions, such as reduced lung capacity and difficulty breathing, must be present before a disease is considered manifested. Conversely, the Appellees contend that actual changes in the lung constitute injury and manifestation for accrual purposes.

Prior to the Act, the common law did not require any particular symptoms to constitute "manifestation" in connection with asbestos injuries. Case law clearly demonstrates that particular physical symptoms were not required, and changes in the lung evidencing asbestos-related disease were sufficient to trigger a cause of action. In Celotex Corp. v. Meehan, 523 So.2d 141 (Fla.1988), this Court explained:

Id. at 145 (emphasis supplied). Thus, prior to the Act, a diagnosis of asbestosrelated disease triggered the accrual of a cause of action. Contrary to the assertion of the asbestos industry and the dissent, the development of particular impairment symptoms as described in the Act has never been the legal factor in determining "manifestation" or accrual under Florida law. Accordingly, the claim of the asbestos industry that the Act is merely a codification of the common law and physical impairment symptoms have always been required for an asbestos-related disease to have "manifested"—a position that the dissent adopts—is patently incorrect.

Moreover, the assertion that a minimum level of injury or damage is required to "open the courthouse doors" for a plaintiff to seek redress against a tortfeasor for negligence is in direct contravention of the common law. As recently as 2007, this Court explained the common law elements of a negligence cause of action:

Williams v. Davis, 974 So.2d 1052, 1056 (Fla.2007) (alterations in original) (emphasis supplied). The phrase "some actual harm" does not require a precise technical level or particular threshold of injury or impairment symptom that a plaintiff must satisfy to file an action. Id.; see also Kneeland v. Tampa Northern R. Co., 94 Fla. 702, 116 So. 48, 48 (1927) ("In actions where negligence is the basis of recovery, it is not necessary for the declaration to set out the facts constituting the negligence, but an allegation of sufficient acts causing the injury, coupled with an averment that they were negligently done, will be sufficient." (emphasis supplied)).

Further, the contention of the Appellants, also advanced by the dissent, that a plaintiff must exhibit particular physical impairment symptoms of illness or injury for a cause of action to have vested is belied by our early case law. In Lyng v. Rao, 72 So.2d 53, 54 (Fla.1954), lightning struck a building in which the plaintiff worked. Although she could not recall if she was struck by the lightning, after the incident she experienced pain in her chest and "was stricken" to the extent that she was hospitalized. Id. at 55. Initially, her request for Workmen's Compensation benefits was denied because the only evidence of traumatic injury was based on the plaintiff's own statements. See id. at 55-56. This Court reversed the denial of benefits and stated;

Id. at 56 (emphasis supplied). The Court later relied upon Lyng in Clark v. Choctawhatchee Electric Cooperative, 107 So.2d 609, 611-12 (Fla.1958), when it held that a plaintiff who suffered an electric shock could recover for both bodily injury and emotional trauma even though the plaintiff exhibited no signs of burns. In reaching its determination, this Court opined that "too much emphasis has been placed on the absence from the appellant's body of trauma such as burns, bruises or scars." Id. at 612.

Moreover, Florida common law does not and has never required an impairment or a particular manifestation of injury according to some arbitrarily adopted level before a cause of action accrues. In Hagan v. Coca-Cola Bottling Company, 804 So.2d 1234, 1241 (Fla.2001), this Court held that an action for emotional distress could be maintained by plaintiffs who drank from a bottle that appeared to contain a used condom even though there was no accompanying discernable, particular physical injury or some level of impairment. Similarly, in Way v. Tampa Coca Cola Bottling Co., 260 So.2d 288, 289 (Fla. 2d DCA 1972), a man drank from a soda bottle and, after finding what appeared to be a rat inside, felt nauseous and vomited. The Second District Court of Appeal held that the man could maintain an action against the manufacturer even though he suffered no lingering physical injury or particular continuing impairment, but only a mental reaction, to the foreign object in the bottle. Id. at 290.

The dissent evinces a principle totally foreign to Florida common law when it asserts that there has never been a right of recovery in Florida for an asbestos-related injury unless a certain level of physical impairment has been demonstrated. First, this Court in Meehan specifically held that a cause of action accrued upon the diagnosis of an asbestos-related disease. There was absolutely no mention of any requirement that plaintiffs meet and surpass a baseline level of impairment. See Meehan, 523 So.2d at 145. Further, it is not necessary for this Court to have previously addressed the specific concept of how asbestos invades and damages the body. Legal precedent and the common law principles clearly demonstrate and cover that an individual who sustains an injury due to the wrongful conduct of another—regardless of the particular level of physical symptoms or impairment—may maintain a cause of action against the person or entity that allegedly inflicted the injury if injury has occurred. See Clark, 107 So.2d at 611-12; Hagan, 804 So.2d at 1241. If there is no injury, there is simply no action; however, if there is proof of injury, there is no requirement of any particular level of impairment.

Here, a foreign substance—asbestos fibers—were inhaled and became embedded in the lungs of the plaintiffs without their knowledge or consent. This, like the electric shock suffered by the plaintiff in Clark, constitutes an actual injury that has been inflicted upon the bodies of the plaintiffs. To contend, as the dissent does here, that a certain level of impairment is absolutely necessary for a cause of action to accrue is incorrect and contrary to longstanding Florida common law. Instead of stating that our decision today adopts an unsupported, "expansive concept" of harm, see dissenting op. at 134, the dissent should simply state the truth—that it disagrees with our prior precedent and believes the rights of Floridians to recover for negligently inflicted injuries should be significantly restricted based not upon injury but upon a schedule of impairments adopted by the legislative branch.

When taken to its logical extreme, how broadly would the dissent interpret this elevated requirement to preclude the ordinary citizen from maintaining an action for an injury that has been suffered? If a person swallows a hypodermic needle that was concealed in a soda can, would that person be precluded from filing an action until he or she exhibits visible symptoms of major internal injuries, such as vomiting blood, or a debilitating virus? If a person is exposed to noxious fumes or toxic chemicals and develops a potentially fatal, but slowly progressing disease, and that person knows he or she is suffering from a degenerative disease and is slowly dying, must that person wait until a certain type of symptom or a specific level of impairment is demonstrated before seeking legal redress against the person or entity who allegedly caused this injury?

The dissent mistakes and confuses the well-established concept of injury under Florida common law for a more strenuous concept of a legislative schedule of impairment. Contrary to the assertion of the dissent, the common law of Florida has never required individuals who have suffered an injury to meet an arbitrarily drawn threshold of physical impairment for a cause of action to accrue. Were the opposite the case, and if the common law did operate on the basis of impairment rather than injury, cruel and arbitrary distinctions could be drawn to preclude severely injured citizens from maintaining actions against those who are responsible.

Although both the Appellants and the dissent contend that the Appellees' injuries are negligible or minor and that they should be required to meet an elevated threshold (defined as "permanent impairment" under the Act) to pursue a claim, this has never been required under the common law. Instead, if a defendant challenges the severity or even the existence of damages, the common law prescribes that it is a matter for the jury to decide whether there has in fact been an injury and damage. For example, in McIntyre v. McCloud, 334 So.2d 171 (Fla. 3d DCA 1976), the Third District Court of Appeal stated:

Id. at 171-72 (emphasis supplied); see also Braddock v. Seaboard Air Line R.R. Co., 80 So.2d 662, 667 (Fla.1955) (quoting relevant jury instruction on pain and damages as providing, in relevant part, "It would be your duty to determine from the evidence what sort of injuries the plaintiff received, if any, their character as producing or not producing pain, the mildness or the intensity of the pain, its possible duration, and allow such sum as would fairly compensate her for her pain and suffering, if any ..." (emphasis supplied) (quoting Toll v. Waters, 138 Fla. 349, 189 So. 393, 395 (1939))); Leister v. Jablonski, 629 So.2d 981, 981 n. 1 (Fla. 5th DCA 1993) ("While common experience tells us that there was some initial pain involved in this BB gun shooting, whether it was sufficient to justify compensable damages seems properly to be a jury question." (emphasis supplied)).

In the present case, it is clear that the main purpose of the Act is to alter the common law elements for an action arising from asbestos-related disease. The preamble to the Act notes that "the vast majority of asbestos claims are filed by individuals who allege that they have been exposed to asbestos and who may have some physical sign of exposure but who suffer no present asbestos-related impairment." Ch.2005-274, preamble, at 2564, Laws of Fla. Further, one of the stated purposes of the Act is to give priority to the "true" victims of asbestos. See § 774.202(1), Fla. Stat. (2010). These statements demonstrate that the Act is intended to reverse years of common law precedent—precedent that the dissent fails to consider and address—holding that a diagnosis of asbestos-related disease and injury, without regard to any particular threshold level of impairment suffered, constitutes an accrued cause of action that provides citizens vested rights to file actions based on the injuries.

Here, medical and X-ray reports which are included in the appendix of the Appellants' initial brief confirm that each of the Appellees suffers from actual lung injuries that are consistent with asbestos-related disease. Based upon well-established common law precedent, we hold that the Appellees here had an accrued cause of action for the injuries they allegedly sustained due to asbestos exposure, and these causes of action constituted a property interest in which the Appellees had a vested right under article I, section 2 of the Florida Constitution. See Wiley, 641 So.2d at 68; Meehan, 523 So.2d at 145.

Retroactivity

Having determined that the Appellees have vested causes of action, we must next consider whether the Act may be applied retroactively to those causes of action. A two-part test is utilized to determine whether a statute may be applied retroactively:

Menendez v. Progressive Exp. Ins. Co., Inc., 35 So.3d 873, 877 (Fla.2010); see also Chase Fed. Hous. Corp., 737 So.2d at 499 ("[T]he retroactive operation of statutes can be harsh and implicate due process concerns."). The Act specifically provides that it is to apply to "any civil action asserting an asbestos claim in which trial has not commenced as of the effective date of this act." Ch.2005-274, § 10, at 2579, Laws of Fla. Thus, express language in the chapter law creating the Act demonstrates that the Legislature intended that the Act apply retroactively. Accordingly, the main issue we must determine is whether retroactive application of the Act violates the Florida Constitution. As previously discussed this Court will not apply a statute retroactively if it "impairs vested rights, creates new obligations, or imposes new penalties." State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Laforet, 658 So.2d 55, 61 (Fla.1995); see also McCord v. Smith, 43 So.2d 704, 708-09 (Fla.1949) (noting that a retroactive provision of legislation is invalid where it adversely affects or destroys vested rights).

The session law creating the Act announces that its provisions are remedial in nature, and do not impact vested rights. See Ch.2005-274, § 10, at 2579, Laws of Fla. However, we have previously explained that "[j]ust because the Legislature labels something as being remedial... does not make it so." Laforet, 658 So.2d at 61. Here, the Act provides that particular physical impairment symptoms are now an essential new element of an asbestos cause of action, a requirement that never existed before. See § 774.204(1), Fla. Stat. (2010). Further, to establish impairment, the statute would require a claimant to demonstrate "a medical condition to which asbestos was a substantial contributing factor." Id. § 774.204(2) (emphasis supplied).

Application of the Act to the Appellees does not merely impair their vested rights—it destroys them. There is no alternative remedy. The vested rights simply vanish. Prior to the July 1, 2005, effective date of the Act, potential asbestos claimants fell into one of two categories:

--------------------------------------------------------------
Group A: Claim has not                  Group B: Claim has
accrued                                        accrued
--------------------------------------------------------------
Individuals who have not             Individuals who have been
yet been                             diagnosed

diagnosed with an asbestos-related   with an asbestos-related
disease.                             disease.
--------------------------------------------------------------

Pursuant to this Court's decision in Meehan, those individuals who had been diagnosed with asbestos-related disease (Group B) had accrued causes of action for damages that they allegedly suffered due to asbestos exposure. See Meehan, 523 So.2d at 145. On the other hand, claimants under Group A did not have an accrued cause of action.

Subsequent to the Act, the prior members of Group B are now split into two separate categories:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group A: Claim has not accrued              Group B-1: Claim has accrued              Group B-2: Claim has accrued
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Individuals who have not yet                 Individuals who have been              Individuals who have been diagnosed
been diagnosed with an asbestos-related      diagnosed with an asbestos-related     with an asbestos-related
disease.                                     disease but cannot                     disease and can satisfy
                                             satisfy the standard for impairment    the standard for impairment
                                             under the Act.                         under the Act.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Appellees concede that they fall under Group B-1 and cannot satisfy the restrictive standards for symptoms of impairment required by the Act to maintain an action for an asbestos-related disease. While claimants in Group B-1 previously had an accrued cause of action, which is a form of constitutionally protected property, see Wiley, 641 So.2d at 68; Logan, 455 U.S. at 428, 102 S.Ct. 1148, subsequent to the Act, their causes of action simply no longer exist.

Additionally, many of the claimants who fall under Group B-1 do manifest symptoms of their asbestos-related disease and are "impaired" as that term is commonly understood. However, because these claimants cannot demonstrate the specific physical impairment symptoms that are mandated by the Act, their vested causes of action would be extinguished, and no redress would exist for their injuries. It is truly ironic that many of the injured persons in the cases relied upon by the dissent in support of its incorrect assertion that a certain level of physical impairment has always been required under the common law for a cause of action to accrue might not be able to satisfy the rigorous requirements of the new Act if they attempted to file their claims today. For example, in Brown v. Armstrong World Industries, Inc., 441 So.2d 1098, 1099 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983), the plaintiff complained of shortness of breath and was diagnosed with an asbestos-related disease. In Meehan, one of the plaintiffs experienced "bronchial problems," which resulted from asbestosis. 523 So.2d at 147. The dissent fails to consider or accommodate the reality that probably neither of these injured persons could demonstrate the highly technical and elevated level of "physical impairment" that is required under the new Act. See § 774.204, Fla. Stat. (2010). If not, these previously existing rights to file actions for recovery based upon an asbestos-related disease and injury would have been extinguished. In this manner, the Act indubitably operates to destroy vested rights for all claimants who are members of Group B-1. Thus, even though the preamble to the Act contends that it does not impair vested rights, the contrary is actually true as a matter of law.1

This Court has invalidated retroactive applications of statutes that have attempted to substantively alter the existing law. As recently as February 2010, this Court held that a statutory amendment that required the filing of a notice of intent to litigate as a condition precedent to the initiation of an action for overdue insurance benefits constituted a substantive change in the law which could not be retroactively applied to insureds who had received an insurance contract before the effective date of the statute. See Menendez, 35 So.3d at 879-80. We explained the statute as it existed before and after the amendment as follows:

Id. at 878. We concluded that the amended statute was substantive in nature because it (1) potentially relieved an insurer of an obligation to pay attorneys' fees; (2) created a "safe harbor" that allowed an additional period of time for an insurer to pay a claim; and (3) postponed the ability of an insured to bring suit for overdue benefits. See id. at 879. Based upon this conclusion, this Court held that retroactive application of the statute was impermissible. See id. at 880.

Moreover, this Court has held that statutes that operate to abolish or abrogate a preexisting right, defense, or cause of action cannot be applied retroactively. See, e.g., Wiley, 641 So.2d at 68-69 (statutory amendment which allowed victim to commence an action for damages which was previously barred by statute of limitations violated due process clause of Florida Constitution; "[o]nce an action is barred, a property right to be free from a claim has accrued"); Agency for Health Care Admin. v. Assoc. Industries of Fla., Inc., 678 So.2d 1239, 1254 (Fla.1996) (portion of legislative act that abolished statute of repose for claims that were already barred was unconstitutional in violation of due process (citing Wiley, 641 So.2d at 68)); Rupp v. Bryant, 417 So.2d 658, 665-66 (Fla.1982) (statutory amendment that would abolish plaintiff's right to recover against state officers, employees, and agents for negligent acts could not be retroactively applied).

Retroactive application of the Act here would operate to completely abolish the Appellees' vested rights in accrued causes of action for asbestos-related injury. For this reason, we conclude that the Act cannot be constitutionally applied to them.2 In reaching this conclusion, we note that allowing the Appellees to proceed with their causes of action will not automatically result in millions of dollars in judgments against the Appellants. The Appellees must demonstrate that the Appellants caused whatever injuries the Appellees are alleged to have suffered, the extent of the injury must be determined, and a jury must determine the amount of damages, if any, as compensation for loss.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we affirm the holding of the Fourth District in Williams v. American Optical Corp., 985 So.2d 23 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008), that retroactive application of the Act to the Appellees, and other claimants who had accrued causes of action for asbestos-related disease pending on the effective date of the Act, is impermissible because it violates the due process clause of the Florida Constitution. We disapprove the decision of the Third District in DaimlerChrysler Corporation v. Hurst, 949 So.2d 279 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007), to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.

PARIENTE, QUINCE, LABARGA, and PERRY, JJ., concur.

CANADY, C.J., dissents with an opinion, in which POLSTON, J., concurs.

CANADY, C.J., dissenting.

Because there was no settled law in Florida establishing a right of recovery on asbestos-related claims without a showing of impairment of health, the application of the Asbestos and Silica Compensation Fairness Act (the Act) in the plaintiff appellees' cases does not abrogate any vested rights. No case decided in Florida prior to the adoption of the Act recognized a right of recovery for a plaintiff asserting an asbestos-related claim whose health had not been adversely affected. The common law did not establish that a cognizable injury based on asbestos exposure occurs without the impairment of the plaintiff's health. I therefore dissent from the majority's holding that the Act interferes with vested causes of action.

None of the cases relied on by the majority recognize any asbestos-related claim by a plaintiff whose health was unimpaired. In certain of the cases relied on by the majority, the nature of the asbestos-related injury claimed by the plaintiff is simply not discussed. See Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp. v. Corcoran, 679 So.2d 291 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996); W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. v. Pyke, 661 So.2d 1301 (Fla. 3d DCA 1995). In other cases relied on by the majority, however, it is clear that the plaintiff claimed to be suffering from the effects of asbestos exposure and relied on symptoms of disease to establish the tort claim. In Brown v. Armstrong World Industries, Inc., 441 So.2d 1098, 1099 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983), the court states that the plaintiff testified at trial to visiting physicians and "complaining of shortness of breath." The Brown court makes further reference to the plaintiff's "physical disability." Id. In Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. v. Cox, 481 So.2d 517, 529 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985), the court's lengthy analysis is punctuated by the observation that the plaintiff's "asbestosis certainly provided him with a chronic, painful and concrete reminder that he has been injuriously exposed to a substantial amount of asbestos." The plaintiff in Celotex Corp. v. Copeland, 471 So.2d 533, 534 (Fla.1985), had "asbestos-related cancer." Similarly, two of the plaintiffs in Celotex Corp. v. Meehan, 523 So.2d 141, 147 (Fla.1988), had been diagnosed with mesothelioma; the third plaintiff was diagnosed with "bronchial problems." In all these cases, there is not a hint of any plaintiff recovering for mere "changes in the lung." Majority op. at 127. The case law provides no basis for concluding that prior to enactment of the Act it was settled in Florida law that a cause of action existed for an asbestos exposure plaintiff whose health had not suffered as a consequence of the exposure.

The majority errs in adopting an expansive concept of cognizable harm that is unsupported not only by the Florida case law but also by general principles of tort law. The majority's divergence from general principles of tort law is illustrated by the definition of physical harm in the Third Restatement of Torts, which requires showing more than mere "changes in the lungs" to establish a cognizable injury. The restatement contains the following definition: "`Physical harm' means the physical impairment of the human body (`bodily harm').... Bodily harm includes physical injury, illness, disease, impairment of bodily function, and death." Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm § 4 (2005). This definition limits physical harm to circumstances in which some ill effect exists. "[A]ny level of physical impairment is sufficient for liability," id. cmt. c, but changes in the body that have no ill effect are not sufficient to establish a legally cognizable bodily harm. A "change in the physical condition of a person's body" "counts as a harmful impairment" only if that change is "detrimental." Id. The Restatement Third definition is in line with the definition of "harm" in the Restatement Second. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 7 cmt. b. (1965) ("Physical changes or alterations may be either beneficial, detrimental, or of no consequence to a person. In so far as physical changes have a detrimental effect on a person, that person suffers harm.").

This understanding of bodily harm has been applied in the context of asbestos litigation to deny recovery to plaintiffs presenting claims similar to those at issue here. See In re Hawaii Fed. Asbestos Cases, 734 F.Supp. 1563, 1567 (D.Haw. 1990) ("Plaintiffs must show a compensable harm by adducing objective testimony of a functional impairment due to asbestos exposure.... [T]he mere presence of asbestos fibers, pleural thickening or pleural plaques in the lung unaccompanied by an objectively verifiable functional impairment is not enough."); Owens-Illinois v. Armstrong, 87 Md.App. 699, 591 A.2d 544, 561 (1991) ("[M]ere alteration of the pleura is [not] a legally compensable injury."), aff'd in part and rev'd in part on other grounds, 326 Md. 107, 604 A.2d 47 (1992); Simmons v. Pacor, Inc. 543 Pa. 664, 674 A.2d 232, 237 (1996) ("[A]symptomatic pleural thickening is not a compensable injury which gives rise to a cause of action.").

Recently, the Supreme Court of Ohio relied on this understanding of cognizable harm in rejecting a challenge to an Ohio statute similar to the Act. The court concluded that the plaintiff "has not established that the settled common law in Ohio permitted tort recovery for asymptomatic pleural thickening in asbestos exposure cases prior to the enactment of [the challenged statute]" and that the statute therefore did not interfere with vested rights. Ackison v. Anchor Packing Co., 120 Ohio St.3d 228, 897 N.E.2d 1118, 1126 (2008).

The United States Supreme Court has likewise recognized that asbestos-exposure claims are not cognizable where the plaintiff is not suffering from disease symptoms. In Metro-North Commuter Railroad Co. v. Buckley, 521 U.S. 424, 427, 117 S.Ct. 2113, 138 L.Ed.2d 560 (1997), the court held that a worker making a claim under the Federal Employers' Liability Act (FELA) based on asbestos exposure "cannot recover unless, and until, he manifests symptoms of a disease." The court's analysis of the statutory claim was based in significant part on "common-law precedent." Id. at 432, 117 S.Ct. 2113. Subsequently, in Norfolk & Western Railway Co. v. Ayers, 538 U.S. 135, 141, 123 S.Ct. 1210, 155 L.Ed.2d 261 (2003) (emphasis added), the court, applying the rule laid down in Buckley, recognized "actionable injury asbestosis caused by work-related exposure to asbestos" as a proper basis for a FELA claim. The court stated that asbestosis is a "chronic disease" with "symptoms includ[ing] shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue." Id. at 141, 142 n. 2, 123 S.Ct. 1210. The court recognized that "[a]sbestosis is `a chronic, painful and concrete reminder that [a plaintiff] has been injuriously exposed to a substantial amount of asbestos.'" Id. at 155-56, 123 S.Ct. 1210 (alteration in original) (quoting Eagle-Picher, 481 So.2d at 529). The court went on to note the distinction between "asymptomatic asbestos plaintiffs" and plaintiffs who have "suffered real physical harm," and specifically cited commentary "classifying plaintiffs with pleural thickening as asymptomatic." Id. at 156, 123 S.Ct. 1210. Ayers and Buckley— which rely on the common law—support the conclusion that there is no settled common law right for an asbestos-exposure plaintiff to recover for "changes in the lung" without accompanying impairment of health.

The decision of the Fourth District Court should be reversed.

POLSTON, J., concurs.